3 Dec 2019
Black hole with 40 billion solar masses found: In the center of the galaxy cluster "Abell 85" is the largest black hole in the nearby universe – it is probably the result of multiple mergers of smaller black holes.
Studies of the average velocities of millions of stars in the central galaxy of the Abell 85 cluster of galaxies have revealed an ultra-massive black hole with 40 billion times the mass of our Sun. Astronomers at the University Observatory Munich (USM) and the Max Planck Institute for Extraterrestrial Physics (MPE) performed this analysis using new photometric data from the Wendelstein observatory and new high-resolution, wide-field spectral observations with MUSE at the Very Large Telescope (VLT). This is the most massive black hole ever detected from stellar motions.
Even though the central galaxy of the cluster “Abell 85” has the enormous visible mass of about two trillion (1012) solar masses in stars, the centre of the galaxy is extremely diffuse and faint. This is why a joint group of astronomers at the University Observatory Munich and the Max Planck Institute for Extraterrestrial Physics got interested in the galaxy. This central diffuse region in the galaxy is almost as large as the Large Magellanic Cloud, and this was a suspicious clue for the presence of a black hole with a very high mass.
The “Abell 85” cluster of galaxies, which consists of more than 500 individual galaxies, is at a distance of 700 million lightyears from Earth, twice the distance for previous direct black hole mass measurements. “There are only a few dozen direct mass measurements of supermassive black holes, and never before has it been attempted at such a distance,” explains Jens Thomas, who led the study. “But we already had some idea of the size of the Black Hole in this particular galaxy, so we tried it.”
The new data obtained at the USM Wendelstein observatory of the LMU and with the MUSE instrument at the VLT allowed the team to perform a mass estimate based directly on the stellar motions around the core of the galaxy. With a mass of 40 billion solar masses, this is the most massive black hole known today in the local universe. “This is several times larger than expected from indirect measurements, such as the stellar mass or the velocity dispersion of the galaxy,” remarks Roberto Saglia, co-author of the study.
The light profile of the galaxy shows a centre with an extremely low and very diffuse surface brightness, much fainter than in other elliptical galaxies. “The light profile in the inner core is also very flat,” explains USM doctoral student Kianusch Mehrgan, who performed the data analysis. “This means that most of the stars in the centre must have been expelled due to interactions in previous mergers.”
In the commonly accepted view, the cores in such massive elliptical galaxies form via so-called “core scouring”: In a merger between two galaxies the gravitational interactions between their merging, central black holes lead to gravitational slingshots that eject stars on predominantly radial orbits from the centre of the remnant galaxy. If there is no gas left in the centre to form new stars – as in younger galaxies – this leads to a depleted core.
“The newest generation of computer simulations of galaxy mergers gave us predictions that do indeed match the observed properties rather well,” states Jens Thomas, who also provided the dynamical models. “These simulations include interactions between stars and a black hole binary, but the crucial ingredient is two elliptical galaxies that already have depleted cores. This means that the shape of the light profile and the trajectories of the stars contain valuable archaeological information about the specific circumstances of core formation in this galaxy – as well as other very massive galaxies.”
However, even with this unusual merging history, the scientists could establish a new and robust relation between the black hole mass and the galaxy’s surface brightness: With every merger the black hole gains mass and the galaxy centre loses stars. Astronomers could use this relation for black hole mass estimates in more distant galaxies, where direct measurements of the stellar motions close enough to the black hole are not possible.